Colorado State University researchers have discovered that mosquitoes that transmit deadly viruses such as dengue avoid becoming ill by mounting an
immediate, potent immune response. Because their immune system does not eliminate the virus, however, they are able to pass it on to a new victim. In
a study published February 13 in the open-access journal PLoS Pathogens, the researchers show that RNA interference – the mosquito immune response
— is initiated immediately after they ingest blood containing dengue virus, but the virus multiplies in the mosquitoes nevertheless.

Dengue fever and dengue hemorrhagic fever are major global public health burdens, with up to 100 million cases occurring annually, yet no vaccines or
specific preventative medicines are currently available. The Aedes aegypti mosquito transmits dengue virus. Determining how the virus evades the
mosquito’s defense is an important next step in research that aims to fight disease by interrupting the growth of dengue virus within the mosquito
before it can be transmitted.

RNA interference is an evolutionarily ancient antiviral defense used by mosquitoes and other invertebrates to destroy the RNA of many invading
arthropod-borne viruses. This team of researchers previously showed that ramping up the RNA interference response in mosquitoes prevented dengue
infection, and now they show that temporarily impairing this immune response increased virus transmission.

The investigators analyzed RNA from adult mosquitoes, finding that both the trigger and initiator molecules for RNA interference were formed after
infection, yet viral RNA could readily be detected in the same mosquitoes. They also measured infectious virus rates in the mosquitoes’ saliva,
which revealed levels whereby the mosquitoes could transmit the disease to humans.

These findings indicate that genetic manipulation of RNA interference could be a significant weapon in stopping dengue virus transmission by Aedes
aegypti.

CITATION:
“Dengue Virus Type 2 Infections of Aedes aegypti
Are Modulated by the Mosquito’s RNA Interference Pathway.”
PLoS Pathog 5(2): e1000299. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000299
dx.plos/10.1371/journal.ppat.1000299

About PLoS Pathogens

PLoS Pathogens publishes outstanding original articles that significantly advance the understanding of pathogens and how they
interact with their host organisms. All works published in PLoS Pathogens are open access. Everything is immediately available subject only to the
condition that the original authorship and source are properly attributed. Copyright is retained by the authors. The Public Library of Science uses
the Creative Commons Attribution License.

plospathogens

About the Public Library of Science

The Public Library of Science (PLoS) is a non-profit organization of scientists and physicians committed to making the world’s scientific and medical
literature a freely available public resource.

Public Library of Science

A decline in testosterone levels as men grow older is likely the result not the cause of deteriorating general health, say Australian scientists, whose new study finds that age, in itself, has no effect on testosterone level in healthy older men.

The results, to be presented Tuesday at The Endocrine Society’s 93rd Annual Meeting in Boston, are the first findings released from the Healthy Man Study, according to principal investigator David Handelsman, MD, PhD, professor and director of the ANZAC Research Institute at the University of Sydney.

“Some researchers believe that an age-related testosterone deficiency contributes to the deteriorating health of older men and causes nonspecific symptoms, such as tiredness and loss of libido,” he said.

Handelsman and his team, however, found that serum (blood) testosterone levels did not decline with increasing age in older men who reported being in excellent health with no symptoms to complain of.

“We had originally expected age to have an effect on serum testosterone, so the findings were a bit of a surprise,” Handelsman said.

Two study centers in Australia recruited 325 men over the age of 40 (median age, 60) who had self-reported excellent health and no symptom complaints. To test blood testosterone levels, the researchers took blood samples from the men nine times over three months. They excluded men from the study who took medications that affect testosterone.

Obesity caused a mild and clinically unimportant lowering of blood testosterone levels, the investigators reported. Age had no effect on testosterone level.

“The modest decline in blood testosterone among older men, usually coupled with nonspecific symptoms, such as easy fatigue and low sexual desire, may be due to symptomatic disorders that accumulate during aging, including obesity and heart disease,” he said. “It does not appear to be a hormone deficiency state.”

The message for patients and their doctors, Handelsman said, is “older men with low testosterone levels do not need testosterone therapy unless they have diseases of their pituitary or testes.”

This research was supported by the MBF (Medical Benefits Fund) Foundation in Sydney, which is part of the private health insurer Bupa.

Source: Endocrine Society

Individuals with one or more parents who survive to age 85 or older may have fewer risk factors for heart disease in middle age, according to a report in the March 12 issue of Archives of Internal Medicine, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.

Previous research has suggested that the children and siblings of centenarians, who live to age 100 or more, also have longer-than-average life expectancies, according to background information in the article. Individuals whose parents were centenarians also are less likely to have heart disease, hypertension and diabetes, and tend to develop these conditions at later ages than those whose parents died younger. This supports the idea that avoiding or delaying cardiovascular disease is helpful in surviving to a very old age, the authors note

Dellara F. Terry, M.D., M.P.H., of the Boston University School of Medicine, and colleagues studied 1,697 members of the Framingham Heart Study, a large, multigenerational study of risk factors for cardiovascular and other chronic diseases that began in 1948 among residents of Framingham, Mass. All of the individuals included in this analysis had parents who also participated in the study and either lived to be age 85 or older or died before Jan. 1, 2005. The participants were examined between 1971 and 1975, when they were all age 30 or older (average age 40 years). Information recorded included education level, smoking habits, blood pressure, blood cholesterol levels, body mass index and Framingham Risk Score, a combined measure of cardiovascular disease risk. Between 1983 to 1987, 1,319 of the participants were examined again, so the researchers could analyze how these variables changed over time.

In the initial group of 1,697 offspring, 11 percent had two parents who survived to age 85 or older, 47 percent had one parent who lived to that age and 42 percent had two parents who died before age 85. Framingham Risk Score was worst, on average, in individuals whose parents had both died before age 85 and best among those whose parents had both lived to 85 years or older. “The percentage of those individuals with optimal or normal blood pressure, total/high-density lipoprotein ["good"] cholesterol ratio, and low Framingham Risk Score was highest in those with both parents surviving to 85 years or older,” the authors write. “The relations for body mass index were less clear; however, fewer obese individuals had both parents survive.” Among those who participated in both study examinations, those whose parents lived longer had a lower risk of blood pressure and a slower progression of Framingham Risk Score over time.

“Our findings suggest that individuals with long-lived parents have more advantageous cardiovascular risk profiles in middle age compared with those whose parents died younger and that the risk factor advantage persists over time,” the authors write. “There are well-established genetic contributions to each of the risk factors that we have examined that may partially explain the reduced risk factors for those with long-lived parents. Better understanding of genetic variation in cardiovascular risk factors and longevity eventually may be helpful for disease prevention and treatment strategies in the community.”

(Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:438-44.)

This work was supported by contracts, grants and awards from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health. Please see the article for additional information, including other authors, author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

Editorial: Research on Longevity Could Benefit Many Patients

Because living to a very advanced age is highly heritable, studying children of the very elderly is a unique and effective approach to understanding the association between longevity and cardiovascular disease, writes Clyde B. Schechter, M.A., M.D., Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, N.Y., in an accompanying editorial.

“Heart disease is the leading cause of death among all ages in the United States,” Dr. Schechter continues. “Heart disease accounts for a large enough proportion of all deaths that any factor that promotes exceptional longevity almost inevitably must lead to decreased risk of cardiac death. This is one reason that cardiovascular disease is a major area of longevity research.”

Studies like the Framingham Heart Study may eventually provide clues to the biological mechanisms that promote survival after cardiovascular disease, Dr. Schechter concludes. “We are only beginning to learn about the determinants of exceptional longevity,” he writes. “Several fruitful areas are already the subject of active research, but much more remains to be done. Progress in this area is not just of intrinsic interest, it also has the potential to promote discoveries that will improve the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease and other age-related diseases.”

(Arch Intern Med. 2007;167:428-429.)

Please see the article for additional information, including author contributions and affiliations, financial disclosures, funding and support, etc.

###

Contact:
JAMA and Archives Journals

A team of researchers at the University of Washington and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories has uncovered genetic errors that may shed light on the causes of schizophrenia. The scientists found that deletions and duplications of DNA are more common in people with the mental disorder, and that many of those errors occur in genes related to brain development and neurological function. The findings, which were replicated by a team at the National Institute of Mental Health, appear in the March 27 online edition of the journal Science.

Schizophrenia, a debilitating psychiatric disorder, affects approximately 1 percent of the population. People with schizophrenia suffer from hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, and are at risk for unusual or bizarre behaviors. The illness greatly impacts social and occupational functioning and has enormous public health costs.

The team of investigators, led by Tom Walsh, Jon McClellan, and Mary-Claire King at the UW, and Shane McCarthy and Jonathan Sebat at Cold Spring Harbor, examined whether the genetic errors, which are individually rare DNA deletions and duplications, contribute to the development of schizophrenia.

Some deletions and duplications are common and found in all humans. The researchers studied such mutations that were found only in individuals with the illness, and compared them to mutations found only in healthy persons. They theorized that rare mutations found only in schizophrenic patients would be more likely to disrupt genes related to brain functioning and thus may cause schizophrenia.

The study was conducted using DNA from 150 people with schizophrenia and 268 healthy individuals. The investigators found rare deletions and duplications of genes present in 15 percent of those with schizophrenia, versus only 5 percent in the healthy controls. The rate was even higher in patients whose schizophrenia first presented at a younger age, with 20 percent of those patients having a rare mutation.

The results were replicated by a second research team, led by Anjene Addington and Judith Rapoport at the National Institutes of Mental Health. They found a higher rate of rare duplications or deletions in patients whose schizophrenia began before age 12 years, a very rare and severe form of the disorder.

In individuals with schizophrenia, mutations were more likely to disrupt signaling genes that help organize brain development. Each mutation was different, and impacted different genes. However, several of the disrupted genes function in related neurobiological pathways.

The findings suggest that schizophrenia is caused by many different mutations in many different genes, with each mutation leading to a disruption in key pathways important to a developing brain. Once a disease-causing mutation is identified, other different disease-causing mutations may be found in the same gene in different people with the illness.

Thus, for most cases of schizophrenia, the genetic causes may be different. This observation has important implications for schizophrenia research. Currently, most genetic studies examine for mutations that are shared among different individuals with the illness. These approaches will not work if most patients have different mutations causing their condition.

Fortunately, there are now genomic technologies available that allow researchers to discover rare mutations within each individual with a disorder. As these technologies improve, it will be possible to detect other types of disease-causing mutations. Eventually, the identification of genes disrupted in individuals with schizophrenia will allow the development of new treatments more specifically targeted to disrupted pathways.

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The research team included many other scientists at a variety of institutions, including Evan Eichler and his colleagues at the University of Washington, and investigators at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, Case Medical Center in Cleveland, the University of North Carolina, the University of California Los Angeles, the National Cancer Institute, and the National Institute on Aging.

This work was supported by many different grants from several foundations and agencies, including the Forrest C. and Frances H. Lattner Foundation, NARSAD, the Simons Foundation, the Stanley Medical Research Foundation, the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the National Institute on Aging, the National Institute of Mental Health, and the Mental Health Division of the Washington State Department of Social and Health Services.

Source: Justin Reedy

University of Washington

Green facades and roofs are a current trend in building. Researcher Marc Ottele focused specifically on facades and sees considerable benefits in creating vertical vegetation. Among other things, the plants help to absorb hazardous fine dust from the air. Ottele obtained his doctorate from TU Delft on this subject on 28 June 2011.

Air pollution

According to OttelГ©, ‘So-called vertical greenery is becoming an increasingly attractive option in designing modern buildings. Vertical vegetation contributes to the improvement of the thermal conduct (insulating properties) of buildings, to increased biodiversity as well as to their aesthetic and social aspects, but also helps to reduce air polluting substances such as fine dust particles and carbon dioxide.’

Fine dust

In his research, OttelГ© was able to experimentally confirm that plants on exterior walls do indeed absorb fine dust. ‘With image manipulating software and recordings taken by an electron microscope, we succeeded in investigating fine dust particles directly on the leaves. We can also identify the size and the number of particles.’ The accumulation of fine dust particles on leave surfaces is important for public health. Densely populated urban areas in particular are affected by dust particles smaller than 10 micrometres, as these particles are inhaled deep into the respiratory tract and are detrimental to health.

Insulating

OttelГ© confirms other potential advantages of green facades. ‘Our measurements show that vegetation can also reduce ambient wind speed. The results also demonstrate that vertical vegetation has a positive effect on the insulating properties of buildings.’

Two types

The latter applies particularly to so-called living wall systems. OttelГ© explains: ‘There are two main types of vertical greenery: green facades and living wall systems. Facades are made green by means of climbing plants, either growing directly against a wall or indirectly by means of constructional aids. Living wall systems are integrated or prefab systems that are fitted to a construction or supporting frames in which the plants take root. Living wall systems are a relatively new and little researched technology.’

Source:
Roy Meijer

Delft University of Technology

The number of people who need colonoscopies to screen for colorectal cancer is outpacing the number of endoscopists available to perform them, Medical College of Georgia researchers say.

A booming aging population has increased the number of people over 50, the age when the American Cancer Society recommends beginning regular screening for colorectal cancer, the third most common and second most fatal cancer in the United States.

“The key to changing that is catching the disease early through screening,” says Dr. Thad Wilkins, a family medicine physician in the MCG School of Medicine. “With slightly more than 12,000 board-certified gastroenterologists, who perform endoscopy procedures like colonoscopies, the capacity for a national screening program is limited. Resources to screen every eligible person for colorectal cancer do not currently exist in the U.S. medical system and, as a result, less than one-third of those who are eligible for colonoscopies are screened.”

Properly trained primary care physicians – internists, family medicine physicians, obstetricians and gynecologists and general practitioners – can perform the test as safely and effectively as endoscopists, according to a study published in the January 12 issue of the Annals of Family Medicine.

Dr. Wilkins and colleagues from the University of Virginia Health System and Lexington Medical Center in Lexington, S.C., analyzed 12 studies of 18,292 patients who had colonoscopies performed by a “trained and competent” primary care physician. To determine whether the tests were performed safely and effectively, they looked at the number of complications, such as tears caused by the scope and bleeding problems; the completeness of the test, as measured by whether the physician reached the cecum, or end of the colon; and the polyp and cancer detection rates. Polyps are extra tissue inside the colon that can potentially indicate or turn into cancer.

“In our study we found a very low complication rate – only three cases of perforation and four cases of bleeding complications,” he added. The analysis also reflected a nearly 90 percent reach-the-cecum rate, and a polyp-detection rate of nearly 29 percent.

“Each of these outcomes are comparable to published results by other specialists,” Dr. Wilkins says. “The take-home point is that colonoscopies performed by trained and competent primary care physicians can be just as safe and effective as those performed by other endoscopists.”

The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and other recognized groups have recommended colonoscopies as a suitable and, perhaps, the most cost-effective screening methods for colorectal cancers.

“Therefore the demand for colonoscopy will continue to grow,” Dr. Wilkins says. “Primary care physicians can help meet that demand.”

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Source: Jennifer Hilliard

Medical College of Georgia

Human tissues normally discarded after surgical procedures could be a rich additional source of stem cells for regenerative medicine. New research from BioMed Central’s open access Journal of Translational Medicine shows for the first time that human fallopian tubes are abundant in mesenchymal stem cells which have the potential of becoming a variety of cell types.

It has previously been shown that mesenchymal stem cells obtained from umbilical cords, dental pulp and adipose tissue, which are all biological discards, are able to differentiate into muscle, fat, bone and cartilage cell lineages; therefore, the search for sources to obtain multipotent stem cells from discarded tissues and without ethical problems is of great interest.

Tatiana Jazedje, and the research team from Human Genome Research Centre at the University of SГЈo Paulo, directed by Mayana Zatz, with the collaboration of medical doctors from the reproductive area, set out to isolate and assess the differentiation potential of mesenchymal stem cells from discarded human fallopian tubes. In the study, human fallopian tubes were obtained from hysterectomy and other gynecological procedures from fertile women in their reproductive years (range 35-53 years) who had not undergone hormonal treatment for at least three months prior to surgery.

The Brazilian team found that human fallopian tube mesenchymal stem cells could be easily isolated and expanded in vitro, and are able to differentiate into muscle, fat, cartilage and bone cell lines. The cells’ chromosome complement showed no abnormalities, suggesting chromosomal stability. Jazedje comments, “In addition to providing an additional potential source for regenerative medicine, these findings might contribute to reproductive science as a whole.”

Jazedje concludes, “Moreover, the use of human tissue fragments that are usually discarded in surgical procedures does not pose ethical problems.”

Notes:

Human fallopian tube: a new source of multipotent adult mesenchymal stem cells discarded in surgical procedures
Tatiana Jazedje, Paulo M Perin, Carlos E Czeresnia, Mariangela Maluf, Silvio Halpern, Mariane Secco, Daniela F Bueno, Natassia M Vieira, Eder Zucconi and Mayana Zatz
Journal of Translational Medicine (in press)

Article available at journal website. All articles are available free of charge, according to BioMed Central’s open access policy.

Journal of Translational Medicine is an open access journal publishing articles focusing on information derived from human experimentation so as to optimise the communication between basic and clinical science.

Source:
Charlotte Webber
BioMed Central

St. John Hospital and Medical Center in Detroit and Avinger, Inc., a medical device company focused on the development of innovative devices to combat peripheral artery disease, has announced the enrollment of the first patient in the CONNECT (Chronic TOtal OcclusioN CrossiNg with thE WildCat CatheTer) clinical trial. The CONNECT trial is a prospective, multi-center, non-randomized study intended to evaluate the Wildcat Catheter’s ability to cross chronic total occlusions in femoropopliteal lesions. Patients with peripheral artery disease may have chronic total occlusions which are sometimes difficult to treat with endovascular therapy resulting in either bypass surgery or amputation.

The ability to cross chronic total occlusions (CTOs) enables subsequent endovascular treatment of peripheral artery disease and is directly related to acute procedural success and favorable long-term outcomes. The Wildcat Catheter crosses CTO lesions by creating a small channel through the blockage using retractable spiral wedges creating a “corkscrew” effect enabling further treatment of the lesion with therapeutic devices. The Wildcat Catheter received FDA 510(k) clearance in February 2009 for use as a guidewire support device to access discreet areas of the vasculature. Avinger is conducting this study to secure FDA clearance for an indication specific to crossing CTOs.

“We are very excited by this new technology,” said Dr. Thomas Davis of SJH&MC, who enrolled the first patient in the CONNECT trial and is one of the trial’s co-principal investigators. “If we aren’t able to cross this CTO with the Wildcat, the only other option for this patient would have been a surgical bypass or amputation. With the help of this technology we will hopefully be able to change the paradigm of treatment from surgical to endovascular.”

The CONNECT study will evaluate 88 PAD patients with femoropopliteal CTO lesions at 15 centers in the US. Patients will be followed for 30 days post procedure and an independent group of physicians will review the angiography results to determine crossing efficacy and safety. Conditional FDA approval to conduct this study was received on August 11, 2010. In addition to Dr. Davis of SJH&MC, Dr. Laiq Raja of El Paso Cardiology Associates, P.A. and Providence Memorial Hospital in El Paso, Texas is a co-investigator.

“Avinger was created to develop technologies that change the way vascular disease is treated today,” said Avinger CEO John B. Simpson, Ph.D., M.D. “The CONNECT trial will provide clinical data to help guide physicians in the use of the Wildcat and provide expanded treatment options for PAD. We hope that Avinger can play a key role in helping patients facing an amputation keep their leg.”

Source:
Brian Taylor
St. John Providence Health System

As H1N1 influenza A (swine flu) spreads, keeping hands clean is one of the most important ways to prevent infection and illness. “Frequent handwashing is probably the single most effective and simplest intervention you can do to protect yourself and your family,” according to Dr. Judy Daly, spokesperson for the American Society for Microbiology.

“Influenza A viruses, of which swine flu is one, are fragile viruses that can be easily destroyed through proper hygiene, including use of soap and water and alcohol-based hand sanitizers,” says Daly, Director of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratories, Primary Children’s Medical Center, Salt Lake City.

Washing hands with soap and clean water for 20 seconds is a sensible strategy for hand hygiene in non-healthcare settings and is recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other experts. If soap and clean water are not available, an alcohol-based hand sanitizer is recommended.

Research has shown that flu viruses can survive up to 48 hours on hard, nonporous surfaces and up to 12 hours on cloth, paper, and tissues. Measurable quantities of influenza A viruses can be transferred from stainless steel surfaces to hands for up to 24 hours and from tissues to hands for up to 15 minutes. Virus can survive on hands for up to 5 minutes after transfer from environmental surfaces.

“Flu viruses most frequently enter the body when contaminated hands touch mucous membranes of the nose, eyes, and mouth. Frequent hand hygiene certainly makes this transfer less likely,” says Daly.

Bean, B. et al. Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces. J Infect Dise. 1982 Jul;146(1):47-51

The American Society for Microbiology, headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the largest single life science association, with 42,000 members worldwide. Its members work in educational, research, industrial, and government settings on issues such as the environment, the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, laboratory and diagnostic medicine, and food and water safety. The ASM’s mission is to gain a better understanding of basic life processes and to promote the application of this knowledge for improved health and economic and environmental well-being.

Source: American Society for Microbiology

Environmental gains derived from the use of nanomaterials may be offset in part by the process used to manufacture them, according to research published in a special issue of the Journal of Industrial Ecology.

Hatice ЕћengГјl and colleagues at the University of Illinois at Chicago assert that strict material purity requirements, lower tolerances for defects and lower yields of manufacturing processes may lead to greater environmental burdens than those associated with conventional manufacturing. In a separate study of carbon nanofiber production, Vikas Khanna and colleagues at Ohio State University found, for example, that the life-cycle environmental impacts may be as much as 100 times greater per unit of weight than those of traditional materials, potentially offsetting some of the environmental benefits of the small size of nanomaterials.

Materials engineered at dimensions of 1 to 100 nanometers – (1 to100 billionths of a meter) – exhibit novel physical, chemical and biological characteristics, opening possibilities for stunning innovations in medicine, manufacturing and a host of other sectors of the economy. Because small quantities of nanomaterials can accomplish the tasks of much larger amounts of conventional materials, the expectation has been that nanomaterials will lower energy and resource use and the pollution that accompanies them. The possibility of constructing miniature devices atom-by-atom has also given rise to expectations that precision in nanomanufacturing will lead to less waste and cleaner processes.

“Research in this issue reveals the potential of environmental impacts from nanomanufacturing to offset the benefits of using lighter nanomaterials,” says Gus Speth, dean of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. “To date, most attention has focused on the possible toxic effects of exposure to nanoparticles – and appropriately so. But considerations of pollution and energy use arising from the production technologies used to make nanomaterials need attention as well.”

Other topics explored in the special issue include:
Approaches for identifying and reducing the life cycle hazards of nanomaterials

Quantified life cycle energy requirements and environmental impacts from nanomaterials

Tradeoffs between nanomanufacturing costs and occupational exposure to nanoparticles

Efficiency of techniques for nanomaterials synthesis

Improvement of the sustainability of bio-based products through nanotechnology

Industrial frameworks for responsible nanotechnology

Industrial and public perception about the risks and benefits of nanomaterials

Governance and regulation of nanotechnology

Industrial ecology is a field that examines the opportunities for sustainable production and consumption, emphasizing the importance of a systems view of environmental threats and remedies. “Through the use of tools such as life cycle assessment, green chemistry and pollution prevention, industrial ecology takes a broad and deliberate view of environmental challenges,” states Reid Lifset, editor-in-chief of the Journal of Industrial Ecology. “This special issue shows the power of this approach.”

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Roland Clift, professor of environmental technology in the Centre for Environmental Strategy at the University of Surrey, and Shannon Lloyd, principal research engineer in the Sustainability & Process Engineering Directorate at Concurrent Technologies Corporation, served as guest editors. Support for this special issue was provided by the Educational Foundation of America in Westport, Conn., and the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C.

The articles in this issue of Journal of Industrial Ecology are available online at interscience.wiley/journal/jie-nano. The Journal of Industrial Ecology is the official journal of the International Society for Industrial Ecology. It is published for Yale University on behalf of the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies. For more information, visit interscience.wiley/journal/jie.

Source: David DeFusco

Yale University